Hot. Cold.
Pressure. Radiation.
Extreme service.
Material selection for extreme environments. Cryogenic, high temperature, ultra-high pressure, radiation, vacuum. Specialty materials only.
Key principles.
Austenitic stainless, OFE copper
304/316L, OFE copper retain ductility. Aluminum 5083 also OK.
Inconel, Hastelloy, Stellite
Nickel and cobalt superalloys.
Tantalum, refractory
Tantalum, niobium, molybdenum. Specialty fabrication.
Inconel 718, MP-35N
Specialty pressure alloys.
316L EP, Ta
Electropolished stainless, pure copper, tantalum. Low outgassing.
Stainless 316LN
Low cobalt for nuclear. Special stainless grades.
Aluminum 5083, OFE
Aluminum gains strength. OFE copper for liquid hydrogen.
Duplex, super-duplex
Combined stress requires premium alloys.
Tungsten, graphite
Plasma-facing materials in fusion research.
FAQ
How to specify extreme service?
Define environment: temperature, pressure, atmosphere, duration. Standard codes (ASME B31, API, etc.) per service.
Cryogenic embrittlement?
Carbon steel becomes brittle at -40°C. Use austenitic stainless or aluminum for cryogenic. Charpy impact testing at service temperature.
High-temperature creep?
Long-term load at high temperature causes creep deformation. Specify creep-resistant alloy + design for low stress.
UHV outgassing?
Stainless leaks H₂. Bake-out at 200°C drives off. Special alloys (low-hydrogen) for ultimate vacuum.
Combined extreme conditions?
Each axis (temperature, pressure, chemical, radiation) constrains. Combined extreme — only specialty alloys qualify.
Testing for extreme service?
Coupons in actual service conditions. Long-term creep tests. Field qualification per applicable code.
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