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DFM Guide · Low Temperature

Cryogenic service.
Below -40°C.
Right materials.

Materials behave differently at very low temperatures. Many become brittle, impact resistance drops, dimensional changes occur. Right material critical.

01 · Key principles

Key principles.

Brittle transition

Below -40°C

Most carbon steels brittle below -40°C. Specify low-temperature grades or alternative materials.

Austenitic stainless

Excellent

304/316L stainless retain ductility to -196°C. Standard cryogenic structural material.

Aluminum

Strengthens

Aluminum gains strength at low temperature. Excellent cryogenic performance.

Copper alloys

Excellent

Copper, brass excellent at cryogenic temperatures. OFE copper standard for liquid hydrogen service.

Plastic limitations

Glass transition

Plastics become brittle below glass transition (Tg). Most engineering plastics: -40 to -60°C limit.

Sealing materials

Specialty

Standard rubber stiffens. Use cryogenic-rated elastomers (silicone, fluorosilicone). Or metal seals.

FAQ

LNG service materials?

LNG -162°C: 9% nickel steel, austenitic stainless. Common LNG infrastructure materials.

Liquid nitrogen service?

-196°C: 304/316L stainless, aluminum 5083, OFE copper. Common materials.

Liquid hydrogen?

-253°C: very specific materials. OFE copper, austenitic stainless, aluminum 5083.

Low-temperature impact testing?

Charpy V-notch impact at service temperature. Materials must meet minimum energy requirements.

Welding considerations?

Use matching low-temperature filler. Post-weld heat treatment per code. Charpy testing of weld required.

Insulation matters?

Yes — design for thermal expansion/contraction during cooldown. Insulation prevents condensation and frost damage.

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